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Red Imported Fire Ant Solenopsis
invicta Buren (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae) |
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The
sting of a single Fire Ant can be painful
and field workers are
especially vulnerable. Young
livestock and poultry are also attacked and wildlife is disturbed. Foraging
ants may clog irrigation lines and short-circuit electrical systems. Quarantine procedures add to the cost of
commercial nurseries. Fire
ants arrived in California with honeybees from Texas in 1997 and infested
almond orchards in Kern and Fresno counties. In 1998 fire ants were detected in an area covering at least 50
square miles of Orange County, leading to a quarantine of the entire
county. Dr. Mark Hoddle reports that
other outbreaks have subsequently been discovered in western Riverside county
(especially the Coachella Valley), and the counties of Los Angeles, San
Diego, Santa Barbara, and Sacramento.
Additional infested almond orchards have been found in Madera, Merced,
and Stanislaus counties. Some of
these infestations may have been present for 10 years before they were
officially detected. The ants confine
their activity to irrigated areas and have not been found in dry land areas. Poison
baits have been used to reduce local colonies of fire ants, but they must be
continuously applied and are expensive.
These baits that were developed specifically for the fire ant also are
effective against the Argentine ant, that invades dwellings. Applications applied at ground level
around the periphery of a structure will remain effective for a month or
more. Biological control studies have
been made for natural enemies of the fire ant in South America, but there has
been no success in finding effective candidates for importation. REFERENCES: Adams, C. T., J. K. Plumley, C. S.
Lofgren, & W. A. Banks.
1976. “Economic Importance of
the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis
invicta Buren. I. Preliminary investigations of impact on soybean
harvest”. Journal of the Georgia
Entomological Society 11: 165–169. Adams, C. T., J. K. Plumley, W. A.
Banks, & C. S. Lofgren.
1977. Impact of red imported
fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on harvest of soybean in North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Society 93:
150–152. Banks, W. A. C. T. Adams, C. S.
Lofgren, & D. P. Wojcik.
1990. Imported fire ant
infestation of soybean fields in the southern United States. Florida Entomologist 73:
503–504. Bolton, B. 1995. A new
general catalogue of the ants of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 504 pp. Bolton, B.
2016. Bolton World Catalog
Ants. Available online: http://www.antweb.org/world.jsp.. Buren, W. F. 1972. Revisionary studies on the taxonomy of the
imported fire ants. Journal of the
Georgia Entomological Society 7: 1-26. Cohen, P. R. 1992. Imported fire ant stings: clinical manifestations
and treatment. Pediatric
Dermatology 9: 44–48. Diffie, S. & C. Sheppard. 1990. Impact of
imported fire ants on Georgia Homeowners.
In: 1990 Imported Fire Ant Conference (M. E. Mispagel, editor)
pp. 62–71. Texas A & M
University, College Station, Texas. Goddard, J. 1996. Physicians Guide
to Arthropods of Medical Importance. pp. 374. CRC Press, New York. Hedges, S. A. 1998.
Field Guide for the Management of Structure Infesting Ants, 2nd Ed. (D. Moreland, editor) pp. 202–216.
G. I. E. Publishers, Cleveland, Ohio. Hölldobler, B. &
E. O. Wilson. 1990. The Ants.
pp. 165. Belknap Press. Lofgren, C. S. & C. T. Adams. 1981.
Reduced yield of soybeans in fields infested with the red imported
fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. Florida Entomologist 64: 199–202. Mount, R. H. 1981. The red imported
fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae) as a possible serious predator on some southeastern vertebrates:
direct observations and subjective impressions”. Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science 52: 71–78. Rhoades, R. B.
1977. Medical aspects of the
imported fire ant. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 75 pp. Shattuck, S. O.; Porter, S. D. & Wojcik, D.
P. 1999. Case 3069. Solenopsis
invicta Buren, 1972 (Insecta, Hymenoptera): proposed conservation
of the specific name. Bulletin of
Zoological Nomenclature 56: 27-30. Smith, D. R.
1979. Superfamily Formicoidea.
Pp. 1323-1467 In: Krombein, K.
V.; Hurd, P. D.; Smith, D. R.; Burks, B. D. (eds.) 1979. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of
Mexico. Volume 2. Apocrita (Aculeata). Washington, D.C.:
Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 1-16, 1199-2209. Stimac, J. L. & S. B. Alves. 1994.
Pest Management in the Subtropics: Biological Control A Florida
Perspective. (D. Rosen, F. D. Bennett, J. L. Capinera, eds.) pp. 353–380. Intercept Limited, Andover, Hants, SP 10 1 YG, U.K. Trager, J. C. 1991. A revision of the fire
ants, Solenopsis geminata group
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae).
Journal of the New York Entomological Society 99: 141-198. Vinson, S. B. &
A. A. Sorenson. 1986. Imported Fire Ants: Life History and
Impact. The Texas Department of
Agriculture. PO Box 12847, Austin, Texas 78711. Wheeler, G. C. &
Wheeler, J. 1977. Supplementary studies on ant larvae:
Myrmicinae. Transactions of the
American Entomological Society 103:
581-602 |
